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Summary
Summary
An introduction to the medieval cathedral, those churches that are regarded as the greatest achievements of medieval architecture. Details their social history, who built them, how they were built, and why. Forty photos and maps help to guide the reader through a narrated tour of these awe-inspiring churches.
When we think of cathedrals, we usually envision the great Gothic Buildings of 12th- and 13th-century Europe. But other than being a large church, a cathedral is neither a specific building type nor specifically medieval. What a makes a large church a cathedral is the presence of a single item of furniture: the chair (in Latin: cathedra ) or throne that is the symbol of the ecclesiastical and spiritual authority of a bishop. This book is an introduction to the medieval cathedral, those churches that are usually regarded as among the greatest achievements of medieval architecture.
While cathedrals were often the most prominent urban structure in many European cities, their construction was never a civic responsibility, but remained the responsibility of the clergy in charge of the day to day activities and services. Beginning with an overview of the social history of cathedrals, Clark examines such topics as patrons, builders and artists, and planning and construction; and provides an in-depth examination of the French Cathedral at Reims--a seminal building with significant technological advances, important sculptural programs, a surviving bishop's palace, and other structures. The volume concludes with a series of illustrations, a selection of original texts, and a selected bibliography for further study. A full index is also provided.
Author Notes
William W. Clark is Professor of Art History at Queens College. He is the author of Medieval Architecture, Medieval Learning: Builders and Masters in the Age of Romanesque and Gothic , among other titles.
Reviews (1)
Choice Review
As one of 12 in the series "Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Medieval World," Clark's book deals not with an event but with a phenomenon. Conceived for high schools as a ready reference and a stimulation for critical thinking, these books all follow a similar format: an overview, a range of examples (28 photos in this case), selected contemporary documents translated into English, a glossary, and an annotated bibliography. This leaves for the treatment of the topic but little space, of which a quarter is dedicated to a case study, Reims Cathedral, forcing Clark (Queens College) to make difficult choices in order to cover the 1,000 years of the Middle Ages. Although not all will agree with his decision to focus, e.g., on the power struggles between bishops and secular lords rather than on cities and their inhabitants, his deft handling of problems facing patron and builder, and the development in the Gothic era of new technologies with which to solve them, will provide students with a solid foundation. Unfortunately, the poor quality of the printing makes the images of the selected cathedrals unlikely to arouse many students' interest in this topic. ^BSumming Up: Optional. General readers; lower-division undergraduates; two-year technical program students. E. B. Smith Pennsylvania State University, University Park Campus
Table of Contents
Illustrations | p. xi |
Series Foreword | p. xiii |
Advisory Board | p. xxv |
Chronology | p. xxvii |
Introduction | p. xxxv |
Chapter 1 Overview: The History of Cathedrals as Social History | p. 1 |
Chapter 2 Patrons, Builders, and Artists | p. 17 |
Chapter 3 Planning and Construction, Early Medieval to Romanesque | p. 41 |
Chapter 4 Planning and Construction in the Gothic Era | p. 61 |
Chapter 5 Notre-Dame at Reims: The Cathedral of France | p. 85 |
Chapter 6 Epilogue | p. 115 |
Chapter 7 Medieval Cathedrals: Selected Examples | p. 119 |
Pisa, Cathedral of Santa Maria | p. 120 |
Modena, Cathedral of St. Geminianus | p. 121 |
Angouleme, Cathedral of St.-Pierre | p. 122 |
Ely, Cathedral of Sts. Etheldreda and Peter | p. 123 |
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela | p. 124 |
Speyer, Cathedral of Sts. Mary and Stephan | p. 125 |
Durham, Cathedral of St. Cuthbert | p. 126 |
Autun, Cathedral of St.-Lazare | p. 127 |
Chartres, Cathedral of Notre-Dame | p. 129 |
Senlis, Cathedral of Notre-Dame | p. 131 |
Paris, Cathedral of Notre-Dame | p. 132 |
Laon, Cathedral of Notre-Dame | p. 134 |
Monreale, Cathedral of Sta. Maria Nuova | p. 135 |
Canterbury, Christchurch Cathedral | p. 136 |
Bourges, Cathedral of St. Etienne | p. 137 |
Naumburg, Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul | p. 138 |
Amiens, Cathedral of Notre-Dame | p. 139 |
Salisbury, Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary | p. 140 |
Toledo, Cathedral of Nuestra Senora | p. 141 |
Cologne, Cathedral of St. Peter and Notre-Dame | p. 142 |
Strasbourg, Cathedral of Notre-Dame | p. 143 |
Exeter, Cathedral of St. Peter | p. 144 |
Prague, Cathedral of Sts. Vitus, Wenceslas, and Adalbert | p. 145 |
Girona, Cathedral of Nuestra Senora | p. 146 |
Palma de Majorca, Cathedral of Sta. Maria | p. 147 |
Antewerp, Cathedral of Onze Lieve Vrouw | p. 148 |
Milan, Cathedral of Sta. Maria Maggiore | p. 149 |
Salamanca, New Cathedral | p. 150 |
Primary Documents | |
1 Emperor Constantine's Gifts to St. John Lateran and Old St. Peter's (313-37) | p. 151 |
2 Prudentius's Descriptions of St. John Lateran and Old St. Peter's (c. 400) | p. 153 |
3 Description of Constantine's Three Great Churches in Rome (12th c.) | p. 154 |
4 The Second Creed of Nicaea (381) | p. 156 |
5 Gregory of Tours: Descriptions of Several Fifth-Century Basilicas (591) | p. 156 |
6 Gregory of Tours: The Baptism of Clovis (591) | p. 158 |
7 Bede: Pope Gregory I Sends Augustine to Canterbury (597) | p. 159 |
8 Two Letters of Gregory the Great Concerning the Church in England (601) | p. 160 |
9 Bishop Desiderius's Gifts to Auxerre Cathedral (early 17th c.) | p. 163 |
10 Benedict Biscop's Imports from Rome | p. 166 |
11 Two Descriptions of Hexham (late 7th c. and 12th c.) | p. 167 |
12 Carloman Publishes St. Boniface's Decrees on Bishops' Synods and Rules (742-43) | p. 170 |
13 Chrodegang of Metz: Prologue of the Rule for His Clergy (744) | p. 171 |
14 The Coronation of Pepin and His Sons (751-54) | p. 172 |
15 Einhard: The Building Activity of Charlemagne (820) | p. 173 |
16 Two Descriptions of the Treaty of Verdun (843) | p. 174 |
17 Hincmar Refuses to Swear Loyalty to Louis the German (858) | p. 175 |
18 Bishops Fighting the Norse Invasions (885) | p. 175 |
19 On the Election of Bishops (9th c.) | p. 176 |
20 The Election of Otto I (936) | p. 176 |
21 Pope Leo VIII Grants the Emperor the Right to Choose the Pope and to Invest Bishops (963) | p. 178 |
22 Otto I Grants a Market to the Archbishop of Hamburg (965) | p. 179 |
23 Eadmer on the Church at Canterbury (1067) | p. 179 |
24 Two Accounts of the Revolt against and the Expulsion of the Archbishop of Cologne (1074) | p. 184 |
25 Mutual Assistance of the Bishop of Liege and the Count of Hainaut (1076) | p. 186 |
26 Five Documents about the Investiture Conflict (1076) | p. 187 |
27 Trial of William of Saint-Calais, Bishop of Durham, before William II (1088) | p. 192 |
28 The Bishop of Hamburg Gives a Charter to His Dutch Merchants (1106) | p. 193 |
29 Guibert de Nogent Recounts the Misdeeds of the Bishops of Laon (1115) | p. 194 |
30 The Concordat of Worms: The End of the Investiture Conflict (1122) | p. 205 |
31 The Call for the Election of an Emperor (1125) | p. 207 |
32 Henry I of England and the Bishops' Peace (1135) | p. 208 |
33 Description of Santiago de Compostela (mid 12th c.) | p. 208 |
34 Hugh d'Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen, on the Cult of the Carts (1145) | p. 217 |
35 John of Salisbury on the Duties of Knights to the Church (1159) | p. 218 |
36 The Constitutions of Clarendon I (1164) | p. 218 |
37 The Service of Knights Owed by the Archbishop of York to Henry II (1166) | p. 221 |
38 The Canonization of Thomas a Becket (12 March 1173) | p. 222 |
39 Gervase on the Rebuilding of Canterbury Cathedral (1174-84) | p. 223 |
40 The Bishop of the Artois and the Count of Flanders Agree on Rights (1177) | p. 230 |
41 Pope Innocent III to the Archbishop of Rouen on Absent Canons (1198) | p. 231 |
42 Innocent III Pronounces a Papal Interdict on France (1200) | p. 231 |
43 The Rebuilding of Auxerre Cathedral and the Collapse of the Old Towers (1215-17) | p. 233 |
44 Frederick II Forbids Municipal Freedoms and Communes (1218) | p. 235 |
45 The Annals of St. Nicaise on the Civic Uprisings in Reims (1233-36, 1241) | p. 236 |
46 The Limit of the Authority of the Archbishop of Cologne (1237) | p. 237 |
47 Occupational Statutes of Paris (1258) | p. 238 |
48 Building in the French Gothic Style (1280) | p. 241 |
49 Durandus on the Symbolism and Meaning of Churches (1286) | p. 241 |
50 Etienne de Bonneuil Is Sent to Work at Uppsala (1287) | p. 245 |
51 The Expertise of Chartres Cathedral (1316) | p. 246 |
52 Jean de Jandun's Description of Notre-Dame in Paris (1323) | p. 248 |
53 Henry Knighton, Bishop of Lincoln, on the Effects of the Black Death (1348) | p. 249 |
Glossary | p. 251 |
Annotated Bibliography | p. 259 |
Index | p. 267 |